What Is a Router? Definition and Differences from a Switch
A router is a device that forwards IP packets between different networks by consulting its routing table. It operates at Layer 3 (L3) of the OSI model, unlike a switch that remains at L2 within the same network. Routers are essential for the Internet (BGP), WAN connectivity, and inter-VLAN routing.
How It Works
- Receives an IP packet
- Looks up the destination in the routing table
- Decrements the TTL
- Re-encapsulates the packet in Ethernet with the next-hop MAC address
- Forwards it through the appropriate port
Routing Protocols
IGP (Interior Gateway)
- Static: manually configured routes
- RIP: legacy distance-vector protocol
- OSPF: standard link-state protocol
- EIGRP: Cisco proprietary protocol
- IS-IS: used by ISPs and telecommunications operators
EGP (Exterior Gateway)
- BGP: the Internet's inter-AS routing protocol
- Full Internet table: 950,000+ routes in 2026
Router Types
- ISP core: Juniper MX, Cisco ASR, Nokia 7750 — 100-400G
- Metro/backbone: ASR 9000, Nokia 7250
- PE (Provider Edge): customer-facing connectivity
- Branch office: Cisco ISR, FortiGate
- SOHO/SMB: ISP router, Ubiquiti EdgeRouter
Additional Functions
- NAT/PAT: address translation
- IPsec VPN
- Stateful firewall
- QoS
- Multicast routing (PIM)
- MPLS labels
- VRF (multi-tenant)
Differences from an L3 Switch
- L3 switch: optimized for campus networks with fast, ASIC-based hardware routing
- Router: optimized for WAN environments with extensive capabilities (full BGP, MPLS, VPN)
- Performance: L3 switch > router for raw Mpps throughput
- Features: router > L3 switch (BGP communities, RP, Segment Routing)
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